Semitic Consonant Correspondences
Introduction
The impetus for this post is my regular need to pull up a chart of Semitic and/or Afro-Asiatic consonant correspondences, mostly for the languages with which I’m less familiar. I’ve reproduced below a few such charts for ease of reference to anyone who regularly compares Semitic (or occasionally Afro-Asiatic) cognates. The regular Semitic consonant correspondences are listed first due to prevalence, followed by various Afro-Asiatic languages.
N.b., different versions of these charts get reproduced in various publications, so I reserve the right to update this post in the future with others that I find clearer and more helpful.
Traditional Reconstruction and Realization of the Proto-Semitic Consonantal System
The following chart is reproduced from Leonid Kogan, “Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology,” in The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (2011: p. 54):
This version comes from John Huehnergard, “Proto-Semitic,” in The Semitic Languages, 2nd ed. (2019: p. 50):
Semitic Consonantal Triads in Proto-, Classical, and Modern Semitic Languages
An important realization in the phonological and conceptual structuring of Semitic consonants is to recognize that they (often) come in triads (groups of three, namely voiced, voiceless, and emphatic counterparts of each other). The following two charts illustrate the consonantal triads in Proto-Semitic (chart 1) and some of the classical and modern daughter languages (chart 2), both from Na’ama Pat-El, “The Semitic Language Family: A Typological Perspective,” in The Semitic Languages, 2nd ed. (2019: pp. 81-82):
Synoptic Chart of Consonant Correspondences in Semitic Languages: Reflexes of the Semitic Consonantal Inventories
The following chart summarizes the Semitic consonant correspondences in synopsis, taken from Huehnergard, An Introduction to Ugaritic (2012: p. 24):
A more detailed chart which represents the consonants in both IPA and traditional Semitistic transcription comes from John Huehnergard, “Proto-Semitic,” in The Semitic Languages, 2nd ed. (2019: p. 51):
A chart which emphasizes the Ethio-Semitic dialects and Modern South Arabian languages can be found in Leonid Kogan, “Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology,” in The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (2011: p. 55):
Finally, consonant correspondents from the perspective of historical Akkadian phonology, including Huehnergard’s proposal for Proto-Semitic’s 30th consonant {*x̣} are outlined in the following chart, from Huehnergard’s A Grammar of Akkadian (2011: p. 590):
Regular Egyptian-Semitic Consonant Correspondences
The following chart is reproduced from Gábor Takács, “Semitic-Egyptian Relations,” in The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (2011: p. 8):
In The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, James P. Allen offers the following correspondents on the basis of Semitic loan-words and proper names found mostly in New Kingdom texts and later but known from earlier periods as well (Allen 2013: p. 31):
Comparison of Select Consonant Inventories between Semitic and Cushitic
The following chart is reproduced from H. Ekkehard Wolff, “Semitic-Chadic Relations,” in The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (2011: p. 29):
Proto-Cushitic Consonants
The following chart of Cushitic consonants comes from David L. Appleyard, “Semitic-Cushitic/Omotic Relations,” in The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (2011: p. 42):
Conclusion
Admittedly, this post is mostly for my own convenience when I need to refer to these charts in the future. I hope someone else can benefit from it as well. Toward that end, I’ll include a link on the homepage of the site for ease of reference.
About The Author
Research Update (2025-2026) 
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